Ethical Dilemas - 1230 Words

Ethical Dilemmas Choose only one of the ethical dilemmas below to address in your essay. The questions at the end of each dilemma are intended for you to reflect on. For your paper you must organize your writing using the sections and underlined titles listed on the assignment page. Do not copy the case study into your essay. 1. Pornography Joe secretly enjoys pornography. He gets a great deal of gratification out of viewing Internet pornography and masturbating, though he always acts behind closed doors and believes that his actions have no effect on others. He justifies his behavior by saying, ‘Who am I harming?’ Then he discovers a statistic on the Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking website†¦show more content†¦How should Tina respond to the university leadership, if at all? What changes should Tina make to her chapter of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, if any? 4. Abortion After trying for many years, Susan finally gets pregnant. Unfortunately, a blood test confirms that her baby has Down syndrome, and her doctors suggest she abort the fetus. Susan has a successful career and wants to maintain a healthy balance between her career and family. Yet she feels very uncomfortable with abortion. She seeks some advice from Richard, an influential professor of evolutionary biology who has spent his career seeking to further human potential and minimize human suffering. When Susan asks Richard if she should abort the fetus or give birth to a baby with Down syndrome, Richard replied that human beings should increase happiness and decrease suffering in this world, and that therefore he would suggest that she abort, though he also stated that she must make this choice for herself. Richard emphasized the lifelong suffering of both the child with Down syndrome and Susan as the child’s caretaker and stated that it may be immoral to bring a baby into the world i f she knew the kind of suffering the child would experience. In fact, Richard suggested that perhaps the most ethical course of action would be to prevent this baby from living a life full of suffering. (This scenario is based on theShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilema2954 Words   |  12 Pagesthrough the analysis of a clinical case study using the principles of biomedical ethics approach. Application of the principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice will be dissected in order to attempt to establish resolution of the ethical dilemma. The main conflict in this case study deals with whether the wishes of an adolescent for end-of-life care should be followed or should the desire of his parents outweigh this request. In terminal cancer, the hope of early palliative care andRead MoreEthical Business Dilema911 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Dilemma Analysis through the 8 questions model by Arthur Dobrin Case 1 – Rental Applicant 1. Facts †¢ African-American applicant †¢ Stable work history †¢ More than enough income to cover the rent †¢ Good references from their previous landlord †¢ A couple with one young son (Family) †¢ Before applicants accepted, rental agent should have done a background check as a standard procedure. 2. Facts we don’t know †¢ Verifications of facts – conduct a cross check o Whether or not the factsRead MoreEuthanasia: An Ethical Dilema Essay1161 Words   |  5 Pagesof Ethical Theory: Webster’s defines euthanasia as, â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy.† According to the principalism theory, principalism uses key ethical principles of beneficence (do good), nonmaleficence (do no harm), autonomy (respect for the person’s ability to act in his or her own best interests), and justice in the resolution of ethical conflictsRead MoreChild Labor Ethical Dilema1357 Words   |  6 Pages Ethical Dilemma – Global Child Labor The pressure to produce goods inexpensively has driven companies to seek low-cost areas for producing those goods. In the quest to compete with low-cost discounters such as Wal-Mart, companies have been increasingly driven to overseas markets to produce their goods. Within the textile arena, especially, this phenomenon is occurring with regularity. One look at the label of the clothing in ones closet reveals clothing that was produced in Bangalore, HondurasRead MoreCase Study Approaches to Ethical Dilemas Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Case Study Approaches to Ethical Dilemmas LaDonna Landry BSHS 335 January 12, 2015 Nicole Zmuda Case Study Approaches to Ethical Dilemmas The case study I chose is that of six-year-old Tavion Robinson who was taken to Methodist Hospital by his father for a broken arm and abrasions. There were a couple of things in this case that could insinuate that the broken arm and abrasions were not an accident. The father being hesitant to leave Tavion alone with hospital staff was the firstRead MoreTelevision Show, Suits, Shows Conceptual Old Lawyers Ideals in Modern Light 599 Words   |  3 Pageshard-working lawyers slowly transitioned into a negative one. Contemporary legal dramas such as Suits mark a shift in how corporate lawyers are perceived and creates an alternative reality, showing corporate lawyers performing their job at the highest ethical integrity while addressing current political issues. Suits is a fictional drama set in the heart of New York. The protagonists of the show are Harvey Specter a notable Harvard Law graduate, and Michael Ross, a law-prodigy. The show depicts lawyersRead MoreEthics Game1353 Words   |  6 Pages2012 Barbara Scheibe, RNC, MSN Ethics Game Simulation Reflective Journal This journal contains my reflections of the Ethics Game simulation assignment. The purpose of this assignment is to help me understand how to make ethical decisions using a decision model. Ethical Issue #1-Presented during my shift We have a 16 year old pregnant patient (RB), in her tenth hour of labor. Her parents are present and have been with her the entire time. They have chosen to limit medication and assistanceRead MoreThe Application Of Ethical Theories Essay1443 Words   |  6 PagesPASS THE INSPECTION: THE APPLICATION OF ETHICAL THEORIES TO AN ETHICAL DILEMA Discussion with Senior Enlisted Leader This is an instance of senior enlisted, who you should be able to trust, giving you bad advice. When the situation is hypothetical and not a pressing issue, it is easy to see that it would be wrong to allow the Chief to sign off on the maintenance checks. But in the moment, there are good reasons to have the checks signed off. Having the maintenance appear to be complete makes yourRead MoreThe Power Of A Single Officer1004 Words   |  5 Pagesdecide between harm a person or not at the moment that a crime is about to happen. 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Cyber Journalism Online Technologies Essay - 2136 Words

Madhavi Marasini MJMC 2 CYBER JOURNALISM: Online Technologies The twentieth century has witnessed an unprecedented revolution in the field of information and communication technologies. The accelerated development of computers, the internet and wireless communication have had a profound impact on the economic and social relations of the whole world. The explosion of the new ICTs are bringing down, day after day, the barriers of space and time, as these technologies enter into the many aspects of our everyday existence, substantially altering our ways of life. In the field of media and journalism, these new possibilities are changing the methods by which information was processed and enlarging the sphere of its dissemination. Cyber journalism is a new medium evolving from other traditional news media, and traditional media must change to accommodate the new medium or be replaced by them. It brings in fresh competition to other media, even forcing changes in content. The web technology has strengthened the tr aditional watchdog functions of journalism by giving reporters efficient ways to probe more deeply for information. Today, growing numbers of journalists use the World Wide Web a s a reporting tool with considerable enthusiasm. The computerization of editorial work has had a revolutionary impact on the techniques of journalism, creating new jobs and changing old ones. The computerization of editorial work has had a revolutionary impact on the techniques ofShow MoreRelatedCyber Bullying Is Not A New Phenomenon1704 Words   |  7 Pagesancient times to present day, bullying has always taken place. It may be delivered physically, verbally, and now even digitally. In this paper, I will focus on the relatively new facet of digital bullying known as cyber bullying compared to conventional forms that took place over the ages. Cyber bullying takes place with different technological devices and social media platforms. As the world benefits from countless technological developments and improvements, we are now forced to monitor and controlRead MoreOnline Journalism and the New Media; Implications for Man ¡Ã‚ ¦S Social Development2777 Words   |  12 PagesINTRODUCTION The new media announces a new period of media development in the world over, it is the one that preaches the significance of new communications technologies. The new media is not just a kind of information technology but also part and parcel of the social being of man in this modern society. At the threshold of this fairly new millennium (2000 A.D.), there was a sporadic turn-around in the existing branches of the global media. This catapulted the world into a new information orderRead MoreEssay about Cyber Bullying and Hate Speech1161 Words   |  5 Pageswhich provide us the ability to express ourselves on the internet and more importantly in writing. Good, bad and ugly words are forever imprinted online, particularly on social media. 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This online freedom and universal access has given rise to a sort of online journalism, more commonly referred to as citizen journalism.† As professional journalist cannot be at all places all the time, especially at the time of emergency and disasters, it is the ordinary citizen journalists that happen to be at the locationRead MoreHow New Media Can Not Be Easily Defined And The Term Changes Daily1566 Words   |  7 PagesNew Media cannot be easily defined and the term changes daily. It involves anything that is related to the internet and the relationship between technology, images, and sound. It is something that is vastly used in our generation and used throughout the world. New media has completely changed the way people lived and continues to evolve daily. Before there was ever a term called new media, old media or print media was flourishing in our society. Print media includes anything light and portableRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The Internet1681 Words   |  7 PagesWe are living in the 21st century and technology began to change very promptly. After the Supercomputers had introduced in the 1960s, scientists and engineers started to develop the networks between those supercomputers, and later they discovered the internet, which is a global communication device where people all around the world can meet and talk about pretty much anything. The development of the internet age has enabled people to inhabit a life at a faster speed. In today’s society, many peopleRead MoreSocial Media and the Law1571 Words   |  7 Pageshave abounded, particularly in relation to the freedom of speech. From cases defining obscenity to those allowing for expression, the meaning of the freedom of speech has changed greatly through the ye ars. Similarly, so has the freedom of press. As technology evolves – from the first printing press to Google Glass – so too does the media. New media calls for new laws and precedents, and social media has been no exception. The rapid pace and wide-spread accessibility of the internet and social media hasRead MoreHistorical Evolution and Development of the Various Mass Media970 Words   |  4 Pagesform of media that uses electronics or electromechanical energy in order for its viewer to receive the content. Electronic media sources most commonly used by most people are audio and video recordings, multimedia and slide presentations, disk, and online content. The newest and most common form of electric media is in the form of digital media. The rise in electronic media can be dated back to the 1960’s. In 1968, the U.S. Department of Defense created a network to where different computers couldRead MoreDouglass Rushkoffs Present Shock: When Everything Happens Now1 151 Words   |  5 PagesNow, Douglass Rushkoff discusses his interpretation of the relationship of society and rapidly evolving technology. He believes that as technology progresses, society becomes increasingly dependent on it and eventually loses touch with the traditional sense of time and reality. Through the book Rushkoff makes several insightful observations about the development of society and how technologies were often the driving force behind these â€Å"Present Shocks.† Rushkoff uses five main ideas to defend hisRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On The Economy And Society Operates2455 Words   |  10 PagesJournalism is a form of writing that informs public about things that already happened in our life. It is a practice of examining and reporting issues, events and trends to the media such as print and broadcast media. It is not only presenting the news of the day of a city or a country, but telling meaningful stories about what is new or is happening around us, understanding it and explaining it to others (Michael et al., 2012). The people who write journalism, gather news and information for mass

Galileo Galilei Essay Research Paper Galileo was free essay sample

Galileo Galilei Essay, Research Paper Galileo was an Italian mathematician, uranologist, and physicist. He was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564. In the mid 1570? s, he and his household moved to Florence and he started his formal instruction in a local monastery. He was sent to the University of Pisa in 1581. While at that place, he studied medical specialty and the doctrine of Aristotle until 1585. During these old ages at the university, he realized that he neer truly had any involvement in medical specialty but that he had a endowment for math. It was in 1585 that he convinced his male parent to allow him go forth the university and come place to Florence. Back in Florence, he spent his clip as a coach and began to doubt the Aristotle? s doctrine. In 1589, he was made professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa where he attended school. His place besides required him to learn uranology based on Ptolemy? s theory that all planets and the Sun revolved around the Earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Galileo Galilei Essay Research Paper Galileo was or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1592, he left the University of Pisa and went to the University of Padua to go professor of mathematics. During his clip at that place, he constructed a clumsy thermometer which would hold work if he had taken into consideration atmospheric force per unit area but it still has a significance in history as being one of the first measurement instruments in scientific discipline. He taught he for 18 old ages and during that clip, became positive that there was truth in the theory of Nicolaus Copernicus a Polish uranologist who believed that all planets including Earth revolved around the Sun. While still at Padua, in 1609, he built the first astronomical telescope. When he used it to look at the sky, he easy found that most of Aristotle? s and Ptolemy? s theories were incorrect. His most of import find was when he discovered the four Moons of Jupiter in 1610. Later that twelvemonth Cosimo de Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, named Galileo his personal mathematician. This brought him back to Floren Ce one time once more here he continued his surveies in uranology. Galileo besides studied gesture, particularly that of freely falling objects. While watching singing lamps in church one twenty-four hours, he noticed that it takes the same clip between swings no affair how large or little the discharge is. This observation led to his innovation of the pendulum clock. He besides discovered, before Newton, that two objects of different weights fell at the same velocity. For case, if you dropped an orange and an aubergine from the same tallness at the same clip, they would hit the land at the same clip. In 1613, he wrote a missive where he tried to explicate how the Copernican theory was agreed with both Catholic philosophy and right Biblical account. A few of his enemies got missive, and sent it to the interrogators in Rome. What the interrogators did, was find and discipline people who were against the instructions of the church. Galileo was brought to Rome to be tried. Fortunately for him, his charges were cleared and he was let travel under one status that was that he was non to keep or support the Copernican theory. What this meant was that he wasn? T allowed to state it was true. Nineteen old ages subsequently, in 1632, he published his first book, Dialogue Refering the Two Chief World Systems. In this composing, he compared Aristotle? s and Ptolemy? s theories to that of Copernicus. He did this to demo that the Copernican theory was more logical than the other two. Again the interrogators tried him and this clip he was found guilty. He was given to life imprison but due to hi s old age and hapless wellness, he was allowed house apprehension in his place merely outside of Florence. He finally went wholly unsighted and still managed to compose his 2nd book. He died on January 8, 1642, at the age of 78. His finds about the timing of a pendulum swing, and that of how two objects of different weights autumn at the same velocity have benefited our society in more ways than are listable.

Ecological Modernization and Environmental State †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Ecological Modernization and Environmental State. Answer: Introduction Planning is considered as a political process that requires public actions and have an impact on the built and natural environment. It has to balance different interests, demands and views of the stakeholders. Planning leads to fundamental changes in the way people can experience their cities. Decision-makers have to deal with the future of planning issues to achieve the smart, creative and sustainable cities (Legacy Leshinsky 2015). The relationship between the cities and citizens have always been inspired and managed by the challenging knowledge of the contemporary planning. Hall (2014), blames governments for their bureaucratic practices that hindered creativity in half a century or more. Also, he warns from the narrow view that limits creativity and innovation in planning according to the social transition and adapts to the changes in the environmental sustainability. In order to answer a critical question about what could be done to make good planning, different aspects should be considered, including the complex social, economic and environmental challenges that confront the urban growth and building cities. Campbell (2012), argues that the world is complex, chaotic, uncertain and full of inequalities the relationship between knowledge and action is important to the theory of planning and practice. As the population grows, the development pressure increases and the land available for easy protection decreases. The protected land allows citizens to continue to exist. It could be divided into two groups according to their distance from the metropolitan areas. The areas near to the metropolitan areas usually enjoy high political support. But people in rural areas are considered the major reason for the urban expansion and depopulation of the rural areas(Hamin 2002). The interest in the role of regional and local entities in growth management has witnessed an increase in the last decade. The local agencies were created to protect open spaces, manage urban growth and coordinate between the efforts of individual counties Bengston et al. (2004). The following section discusses the literature review of urban growth management. It starts with the measurement and comparison between the local plans policy content and the development controls, then it discusses the urban regulation, housing supply and affordability, followed by the problems of urban space and the contemporary planning approaches and finally it investigates the housing and urban reform under neoliberalism. Measuring and comparing the policy content of local plans and development controls Local plans are considered common tools among the world countries, unlike the different approaches that deal with the development control and planning issues. The local plans are usually conducted by the local authority governed by the regulatory framework and imposed by the top levels in the state. Significant results were achieved from the comparison between the plans implemented by the local authorities and the physical outcomes on the ground. Testing this assumption was made by the plan evaluation research in order to measure the conformance of the outputs of the planning process. The evaluation research could be done through content analysis or surveys (Gurran, Gilbert Phibbs 2015). Another dimension to the planning process is the participation approach, it involves public participation of a variety of citizens. It is expected that the participation presents the community interests in a democratic way. To ensure that the participation is effective, it must have breadth and dept h through the involvement in every stage of the process of policymaking. Breadth measures the extent to which the community members can have the opportunity to participate in the policymaking process. The depth reflects the extent to which the participants can control the final policy outcomes (Conroy 2004). A proposed model of urban growth boundary by Ding et al. (1999) assumes that the trend of urban growth involves a continuous cycle of urban growth. As the urban growth boundary leads to absorption of the infrastructure capacity and limitation of the growth. Local governments can impose adjusted urban growth boundary discretely. This model provides a good instrument for the delivery of public services in the cases that marginal cost pricing is unavailable. This model did not describe if it has a significant distribution that leads to an increase in the social welfare. Urban regulation, housing supply and affordability Gurran Whitehead (2011) argue that the link between the land planning strategies and the housing price rates are due to the formulation of the strategic spatial policies. These policies take place through land, infrastructure, procurements and coordination that leads to increased housing prices. The argument of Gurran Whitehead (2011) leads us to think about the political controversy and its effect on the housing consumption and production levels. The political theories of regulatory capture assist in explaining the reasons that lead the policy makers to take actions that seem to be against the public interest. The capture theory assumes that the political intervention is not enough to solve the problems of market failures as the monopoly behaviour, the destructive use of private economic power and high competition (Gurran Phibbs 2015). Reher (2012), relates the growth in urban planning to the implication of the demographic transition that lead to the social and economic changes. Some of these changes took place on the aggregate level of the society and others have affected the individuals only, as follows: Fertility reduction leads to changes in the age structure that affects the relative proportion of young and working age population. It also yields a long life generation, small family size and reduced production period. The periods of high population growth in most cases coincide with waves of migration that create pressure and shape the world socially and economically. The longer life expectancy has resulted in greater investments in the human capital in terms of better education and health. Bertinelli Strobl (2007) have considered the connection between the urban conglomerates and the economic development in the developing countries, as they have evolved from agricultural to manufacturing and service economy. He has discussed the costs associated with people concentration in cities called the 'congestion costs'. Sustainability issues and environmental problems led the planners to consider the importance of the green belt. Experts have led the top-down approach of the state-led planning since the 1950s. The concern of planners towards the environment has shifted from the preservation of the landscape to a technocratic concern. Sustainability leads to ecological preservation of green spaces. On the other hand, the concept of social justice argues that the green belt restricts the development and could harm the society. The land supply is likely to shrink and causes shortage in housing supply and leads prices to increase (Amati Taylor 2010). These arguments lead to the dilemma of advocating the environmental sustainability and the availability of affordable housing. Schuetz et. al, 2011, has discussed the idea of inclusionary housing and the governmental regulations associated with it. This approach focuses on the necessity of offering affordable housing across local areas or in certain regions. Public grants and incentives, including a tax credit for low-income zones, are considered the sources of finance to the affordable housing. To ensure fairness, the main characteristics of the inclusionary zone programs determine the rate of the effective tax and its impact on the prices of housing land and housing production in the inclusionry zones. Some of these programs are planned to apply to the residential developments broadly and other programs are a grant for basic areas of development selected according to the land space, structure and the project size. As the amount of dispensations increase, the lower the strictness the inclusionary zones program will be and the lower the tax rate in comparison with programs with no exemptions. Gurran Ruming (2016), argue that the voluntary incentive models that deals with the provision of the affordable housing depend on market actors that are hard to be predicted. The planning system is considered as an important mechanism to ensure that the affordable housing is well located in relation to the availability of other social services and employment opportunities. Urban space problems and contemporary planning approaches The governments have tried to find ways to deal with the implications of the global economic crisis by using different mechanisms to deal with them. The social, economic and cultural changes should be considered as the economic crisis has affected nonindustrial areas. Accordingly, cities have to think differently and create new ways to deal with the new changes creatively. Urban planning focuses on land use more than the social dynamics that take place in cities. According to Deffner Vlachopoulou (2011), the main idea of creative cities is about the method used in the urban strategic planning and the way the citizens plan, think and live in these cities. This type of cities connects the planning process to the urban culture, leisure, media and activities. Urbanization cannot exist without industrialization. The concept of modernization involves the structural and institutional processes of transforming from traditional methods of production to modern methods that reflect the ways of life. Modernization takes place through the economic development that encourages the social and political development. The two basic tools adopted by the modernization schools of thought are evolutionary perspective and the functionalist approach. The evolutionary perspective assumes that the social changes that affect the urbanization are unidirectional and gradual. On the other hand, the functionalist approach argues that as the transformative changes take place, the values transform from traditional to modern through advancement in technology and the economic activities and values that lead to the industrialization of societies (Zhang 2002; Cohen 2004) Urbanization is considered a vital measurement to the level of economic development and the modernization as well in a certain region or country. It is a dynamic process for creating a prosperous economy. It is a phenomenon that combines several economic or social factors that emerge as a result of the development of the social productivity. The acceleration of the process of urbanization is considered as a strategic initiative required to conduct a scientific concept and reduce the gap between the urban and rural development. According to Li Qin (2014), there are two evaluation methods of urbanization, represented in the single and the complex index methods. The method of single index is used in calculating the urban population proportion and the urban land proportion. The research reveals that although the single index method is easy to be calculated, it has a limited significance as it reflects the quality results instead of the process of transformation to urbanization. It is cl ear that the urbanization process is the process of citizens, economic, ecological and social transformation. The complex index depends on several factors including, the social, economic and cultural factors that measure the changes in the urbanization level through a quantitative and a quality index system. Nielsen (2014), has indicated in his research the idea of the role of the political economy of smart growth. It involves the examination of the organizations and vital actors related to the development process. Planning strategies that focus on building vertical, mixed-use and high-density buildings. It includes residential and commercial mixture spaces that reduce the use of horizontal and separated spaces. This type of buildings allocation the bottom floor to commercial occupation and it is usually found in modern cities and downtown. Logan Molotch (2007), introduces the theory of growth machine that discusses on the urban growth through the examination of the relationship between the business elites seeking to maximize their profits and the government that seeks to raise the public revenues through the urban development. Both of the two actors of the growth machine share a common interest in the urban growth that could be measured through the economic output and the building performance. Smith Floyd (2013), concern towards Logan and Molotchs theory of the growth machine, they assume that the major benefit of the growth machine is the maximization of urban rents that represent the collective interest. The neoclassical theories of economic agglomeration do not consider the government role in urban areas. They assume that cities are the result of the mixture of the individuals and profit-oriented organizations that seek to maximize the exchange values. As a result, the public open areas hinders the production effi ciencies that could be obtained from the increased urban density. The smart growth requires more diverse technical experts, there is a need for other players rather than the entrepreneurs. The required expertise is needed to create more financially feasible projects (Nielsen 2014). In contrast, the ecological modernization theory debates the environmental issues, as the shift in the modernization process could yield in severe problems to the environment. The ecological modernization requires that the planning process have to consider three elements represented in; first: institutional reflexivity, second: entrepreneurs that act as ecological restructuring and third: a framework that provides the rules of the smart environmental. The origin of this theory goes back to the social and institutional practices that took place due to the environmental deterioration since the mid of the 1980s in Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands (Mol Spaargaren 2002). Housing and urban reform under neoliberalism Neoliberalism started as a political-economic movement in various advanced countries during the the period (1970s and 1980s). According to Gurran Ruming (2016) and Forrest Hirayana (2009), this movement had several implications on the urban governance issues, planning and provision of housing. It has reduced the governmental intervention in the market processes as its human well-being could be developed through the private property rights, free trade and the free market. The neoliberalism influenced the housing policy by shaping the housing provision, economic conditions and the property rights. Brenner et al., 2010 have distinguished between three different dimensions, represented in: Regulatory experimentation; that assumes that the regulatory changes are connected to the global governance system. Inter-jurisdictional policy transfer; as an important technique for consolidating spatial and institutional variations. The prototypes of the neoliberal policy are utilized across the institutional networks of knowledge sharing, including territories, places and The creation of transnational rule-regimes; is formulated through the regulatory frameworks, legal systems and institutional arrangements. Sager (2011), argues that the neoliberalism is rooted from to the Keynesian welfare state economics and the emergence of the market liberalization that was formulated by the Chicago School of political economy. Accordingly, it depends on the economic indicators that measure the political-administrative management system effectiveness and the market controls the politics, not the opposite. By this, a new relationship is formulated between the governments and the capital owners. Sager also notes that the concept of neoliberalism could be used in theory planning as a major tool to define the political scheme and the bureaucratic transformations that form the rules of urban planning This could introduce an explanation of the facts behind the desire of the planning scholars to adopt the neoliberalism approach, as follows: It sets new perspective of the concepts used in planning theories as globalization, market liberalization, welfare state and The frame of public planning represented in the public sector institutions and organizations is being transformed by the neoliberalism. New planning oriented urban policies are being used. Measuring the housing supply faces problems related to the methodology used in measuring its existence due to the planning constraints. The housing market is considered as a complex and unique one that suffers from low substitutability levels across the locations in the cities and places that have access to valuable amenities in specific. Urban growth requires a good planning process, although this process is part of a complex supply chain that different factors, directly and indirectly, affect it, including industry trends, availability of labor, cost, financial resources and the decisions of the house builders. Other factors that affect the urban growth are the income growth, the ability to finance and the cost (Gurran Phibbs 2013). Research gap The body of research that investigates the impact of planning on the outcomes of housing are not new. Many theoretical and empirical research investigates the relation between the land usage and the planning policies, the housing market prices and the affordable housing approaches and their criticism. There are very few studies that have investigated the impact of urbanization on the economic development. Also, these few studies did not differentiate between the developed and developing economies. Both of the developing and developed economies take different ways to develop. Also, cities are highly heterogeneous across the two types of economies. The literature has provided numerous theories to both describe and predict the urban growth. A large number of the urban growth stems from the spatial economics and economic geography that mainly focus on the concentrations associated with the economic activities. Researchers have concentrated on the central place theory that was developed as a reemergence theory. According to the literature review, no country, has implemented the neoliberalism prototype that features its theoretical characteristics. The neoliberalism is still a debatable issue in social geography, there are still exchanges in opinions and the neoliberalism argues that the globalization is the favorite aspect in the discussion. Also, the geographical debate extends to include the spatial effects of neoliberalism and the territorial variations from one side and the definitional difficulties from the other side. A major aspect of criticism that has been directed to the neoliberalism is the usage of the term in virtual contexts and treating it as a variable that explains most of the social phenomenon. On the other side, from an economic welfare perspective, the governmental interference in planning the housing market is essential to manage the environmental externalities and correct the market failures. The diverse body of literature reveals the necessity of realizing the differences in the housing markets and regulations of the use of land. In relation to this, however, the neoliberalism of housing gained the support of homeowners and private investors in housing, the usage of governmental rent subsidies and vouchers have enabled the low-income families to rent houses in the private market. The urban growth theories have considered the role of the government in the process of affordable housing creation in the form of inclusionary zones. The role of the public institutions could not be neglected, especially for certain groups of low-income people and in crisis time by introducing financial incentives to the private and nonprofit sector to encourage them to get involved in the growth of the affordable housing growth. This approach is considered among the new approaches that take place as a public reform policy in many countries. Despite of, the increasing popularity of the inclusionary zones among the policymakers, there is a lack of imperial research on the effectiveness of these programs. No evidence exists about the real production of housing they produce in fact, their direct impact on the price and quantity of housing in the real market. The research that exists only examines certain case studies. The policies targeting lower income groups still have many limitation s that were clearly obvious as a consequence of the recent global financial crisis. At the time that the rental subsidies are directed to the low income and special needs groups through a planned process, they are heavily dependent on the support of capital funding and the buoyant market conditions. Although, the ecological modernization theorists strongly criticize the social constructivism, but they do not deny the social environmental problems. Conclusions The local plans are usually conducted by the local authority within a legal framework and imposed by the top levels in the state. Significant results were achieved from the comparison between the plans implemented by the local authorities and the physical outcomes on the ground. The link between the land planning strategies and the housing price rates are due to the formulation of the strategic spatial policies. The capture theory assumes that the political intervention is not enough to solve the problems of market failures as the monopoly behaviour, the destructive use of private economic power and high competition. Sustainability issues and environmental problems led the planners to consider the importance of the green belt. Urbanization cannot exist without industrialization. The concept of modernization involves the structural and institutional processes of transforming from traditional methods of production to modern methods that reflect the ways of life. The theory of growth machine that discusses on the urban growth through the examination of the relationship between the business elites seeking to maximize their profits and the government that seeks to raise the public revenues through the urban development. Neoliberalism started as a political-economic movement in various advanced countries during the the period (1970s and 1980s). The neoliberalism influenced the housing policy by shaping the housing provision, economic conditions and the property rights. The inclusionary housing approach focuses on the necessity of offering affordable housing across local areas or in certain regions. Public grants and incentives, including a tax credit for low-income zones, are considered the sources of finance to the affordable housing. To ensure fairness, the main characteristics of the inclusionary zone programs determine the rate of the effective tax and its impact on the prices of housing land and housing production in the inclusionry zones. The voluntary incentive models that deals with the provision of the affordable housing depend on market actors that are hard to be predicted. The planning system is considered as an important mechanism to ensure that the affordable housing is well located in relation to the availability of other social services and employment opportunities. References Amati, M Taylor, L 2010, 'From green belts to green infrastructure', Planning, Practice Research, vol 25, no. 2, pp. 143155. Bengston, D, Fletcher, J Nelson, K 2004, 'Public policies for managing urban growth and protecting open space: policy instruments and lessons learned in the United States', Landscape and Urban Planning, vol 69, pp. 271286. Bertinelli, L Strobl, E 2007, 'Urbanisation, urban concentration and economic development', Urban Studies, vol 44, no. 13, pp. 24992510. Brenner, N, Peck, J Theodore, N 2010, 'After Neoliberalization?', Globalizations, vol 7, no. 3, pp. 327345. Campbell, H 2012, 'Planning to change the world: Between knowledge and action Lies synthesis', Journal of Planning Education and Research, vol 32, no. 2, pp. 1-12. Cohen, B 2004, 'Urban growth in developing countries: A review of current trends and a caution regarding existing forecasts', World Development, vol 32, no. 1, pp. 23-51. Conroy, M 2004, 'What makes a good sustainable development plan? An analysis of factors that influence principles of sustainable development', Environment and Planning , vol 36, pp. 1381-1396. Deffner, A Vlachopoulou, C 2011, 'Creative city: A new challenge of strategic urban planning?', University of Thessaly, Greece. Ding, C, Knaap, G Hopkins, L 1999, 'Managing urban growth with urban growth boundaries: A theoretical analysis', Journal of Urban Economics, vol 46, pp. 53-68. Forrest, R Hirayana, Y 2009, 'The uneven impact of neoliberalism on housing opportunities', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol 33, no. 4, pp. 9981013. Gurran, N, Gilbert, C Phibbs, P 2015, 'Sustainable development control? Zoning and land use regulations for urban form, biodiversity conservation and green design in Australia', Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, vol 58, no. 11, pp. 1877-1902. Gurran, N Phibbs, P 2013, 'Housing supply and urban planning reform: the recent Australian experience, 20032012', International Journal of Housing Policy, vol 13, no. 4, pp. 381407. Gurran, N Phibbs, P 2015, 'Are governments really interested in fixing the housing problem? Policy capture and busy work in Australia', Housing Studies, vol 30, no. 5, pp. 711729. Gurran, N Ruming, K 2016, 'Less planning, more development? Housing and urban reform discourses in Australia', Journal of Economic Policy Reform, vol 19, no. 3, pp. 262280. Gurran, N Whitehead, C 2011, 'Planning and affordable housing in Australia and the UK: A Comparative perspective', Housing Studies, vol 26, no. 7-8, pp. 11931214. Hall, P 2014, Cities of tomorrow: An intellectal history of urpan planning and design since 1880, 4th edn, John Willy Sons, Ltd. Hamin, E 2002, 'Western European approaches to landscape protection: A review of the literature', Journal of Planning Literature, vol 16, no. 3, pp. 339-358. Legacy, C Leshinsky, R 2015, 'Planning instruments and the urban change process', in R Leshinsky, C Legacy (eds.), Instruments of Planning : Tensions and challenges for more equitable and sustainable cities, Taylor Francis Group. Li, Y Qin, M 2014, 'Study on urbanization process evaluation and provincial comparison', Grey Systems: Theory and Application, vol 4, no. 1, pp. 13-23. Logan, J Molotch, H 2007, 'Urban fortunes: The political economy of place', University of California Press, California. Mol, P Spaargaren, G 2002, 'Ecological modernization and the environmental state', in The environmental state under pressure, Elsevier Science Ltd. Nielsen, E 2014, 'Smart growth machines: The ecological modernization of urban political economy', in From sustainable to resilient cities: Global concerns and urban efforts, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Ozden, K Enwere, C 2012, 'Urbanization and its political challenges in developing countries', Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, vol 5, no. 10, pp. 99-120. Reher, D 2012, 'Population and the economy during the dempgraphic transition', Institute of Economic Affairs, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Sager, T 2011, 'Neo-liberal urban planning policies: A literature survey 19902010', Progress in Planning, vol 76, pp. 147199. Schuetz, J, Meltzer, R Been, V 2011, 'Silver bullet or trojan horse? The effects of inclusionary zoning on local housing markets in the United States', Urban Studies, vol 48, no. 2, pp. 297329. Smith, J Floyd, M 2013, 'The urban growth machine, central place theory and access to open space', City, Culture and Society, vol 4, no. 2, pp. 87-98. Zhang, B 2002, 'Urbanization, population transition, and growth', Oxford Economic Papers, vol 54, pp. 91-117.

The Pros and Cons of Facebook Essay Example For Students

The Pros and Cons of Facebook Essay In the past, we had limited options to connect with people. Making a phone call or sending a text message seemed to be the most convenient ways to communicate. However, those ways of communication faced a major problem which is having a big family and a lot of friends. In 2004, 19 years old Harvard student named Mark Zuckerberg came up with an idea. He thought about the best possible way to keep all of his colleges in touch without wasting time and money. His creativity led to owning one of the biggest social media web sites in the world. That web called Facebook. According to Facebook’s most recent annual report, it hast over one billion active users. Not only that but, the company reported that there is over 600 million people who uses Facebook on the daily (Aaron Smith, 2012). After knowing the huge response that Facebook got, I will be discussing its Benefits and problems. Owning a business with over 600 million daily customers is every business owner’s dream. We will write a custom essay on The Pros and Cons of Facebook specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now However, that requires a gigantic amount of hard work. In other words, keeping a customer satisfied is almost as hard as gaining new customer if not harder and that is what Facebook managed to successfully do. What is on Facebook? Thomas Krivack answers this question in the article: Facebook 101: Ten Things You Need to Know about Facebook â€Å"Simply put, if people have an interest, it is part of Facebook. (Krivack, 2008)† whatever interest you have, there is always someone else who shares the same interest. Sharing your interest makes life more fun. If you are a new user, you can simply type a name of a TV show, game or certain cuisine that interests you and get back thousands of users who have the same interest. From there you can massage, friend or subscribe to the individuals that you like. The best part is users are sorted according to the network. Therefore, Facebook is your easy way to make friends if you are new in town or a freshman in collage. Facebook expands the idea of similar interest by having a feature called groups. That feature allows people to communicate and share ideas in a larger numbers without the need of being friends. In Facebook, you can find different types of groups with different approaches. That benefits the user. In other words, you can like and share different thoughts with multiple groups of people at the same time.

Common Editing and Proofreading Marks in Composition

Common Editing and Proofreading Marks in Composition When your instructor returns a composition, are you sometimes puzzled by the abbreviations and symbols that appear in the margins? If so, this guide should help you decipher those marks during the editing and proofreading stages of the writing process. Common Proofreading Marks Explained The following proofreading marks have a brief explanation of the definition your instructor is likely trying to convey for your revisions. ab: Abbreviation  (Use a standard abbreviation or write out the word in full.) ad: Adjective or adverb  (Use the correct form of the modifier.) agr: Agreement  (Use the correct ending to make the verb agree with its subject.) awk: Awkward expression or construction. cap: Capital letter  (Replace a lowercase letter with a capital letter.) case: Case  (Use the appropriate case of the pronoun: subjective, objective, or possessive.) clichà ©: Clichà ©Ã‚  (Replace the worn-out expression with a fresh figure of speech.) coh: Coherence  and cohesion (Make clear connections as you move from one point to the next.) coord: Coordination  (Use coordinating conjunctions to relate equal ideas.) cs: Comma splice  (Replace the comma with a period or a conjunction.) d: Diction  (Replace the word with one thats more precise or appropriate.) dm: Dangling modifier  (Add a word so that the modifier refers to something in the sentence.)   emph: Emphasis  (Restructure the sentence to emphasize a key word or phrase.) frag: Sentence fragment  (Add a subject or verb to make this word group complete.) fs: Fused sentence  (Separate the word group into two sentences.) gloss: Glossary of usage  (Check the glossary to see how to use this word correctly.) hyph: Hyphen  (Insert a hyphen between these two words or word parts.) inc: Incomplete construction. irreg: Irregular verb  (Check our index of verbs to find the correct form of this irregular verb.) ital: Italics  (Put the marked word or phrase in italics.) jarg: Jargon  (Replace the expression with one your readers will understand.) lc: Lowercase letter (Replace a capital letter with a lowercase letter.) mm: Misplaced modifier  (Move the modifier so that it clearly refers to an appropriate word.) mood: Mood  (Use the correct mood of the verb.) nonst: Nonstandard usage  (Use standard words and word forms in formal writing.) org: Organization  (Organize information clearly and logically.) p: Punctuation  (Use an appropriate mark of punctuation.) apostrophe : colon , comma -   dash . period ? question mark quotation marks  ¶: Paragraph break  (Begin a new paragraph at this point.) //: Parallelism  (Express paired words, phrases, or clauses in grammatically parallel form.) pro: Pronoun  (Use a pronoun that refers clearly to a noun.) run-on: Run-on (fused) sentence  (Separate the word group into two sentences.) slang: Slang  (Replace the marked word or phrase with a more formal or conventional expression.) sp: Spelling  (Correct a misspelled word or spell out an abbreviation.) subord: Subordination  (Use a subordinating conjunction to connect a supporting word group to the main idea.) tense: Tense  (Use the correct tense of the verb.) trans: Transition  (Add an appropriate transitional expression to guide readers from one point to the next.) unity: Unity  (Dont stray too far from your main idea.) v/^: Missing letter(s) or word(s). #: Insert a space. wordy: Wordy writing (Cut out unnecessary words.) ww: Wrong word (Use a dictionary to find a more appropriate word.)

Why is contributing comments to a study group more effective than Essay

Why is contributing comments to a study group more effective than (just) reading other students comments on paper - Essay Example Asking questions is the converse of contributing comments; essentially, asking questions is a way of encouraging the members to formulate their own explanations. By asking for clarification whenever one fails to understand something, the student will gain useful insights that he might not yet have considered. By arranging his confusion into a question, any inconsistencies in the student's thinking can be pointed out to him, and the assumptions implied by his question are at the same time exposed to the scrutiny of the group. Furthermore, because of the diverse personalities in study groups, each individual will likely have something unique and useful to contribute to the group; and by asking questions, these unique traits can be encouraged to surface. A good way of reviewing one's knowledge is by explaining the concepts involved in the subject matter, especially to a study group, thus it is advisable that students take the responsibility of teaching each other.